Ashley Peng

Neurological structures and networks linked to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and chronic pain

Started May 20, 2024

Abstract or project description

An integrative literature review that seeks to explore how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) impact the brain’s neurological structures and networks, and how such outcomes further create susceptibility to the development of chronic pain. Drawing from empirical research and theory within neurology, psychiatry, and psychology, this paper will critically examine findings that help establish a direct connection between ACEs, the limbic system, and chronic pain. The literature being reviewed discusses the limbic system of the brain, particularly the hippocampus and amygdala, and connections to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The current body of neuroscience literature points to how chronic pain impacts the brain structurally and functionally. Likewise, studies have linked similar neurological outcomes to trauma. Trauma is defined as an extremely distressing event that impacts one's ability to cope with life, and leads to symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, or hypervigilance. One specific measure of trauma that will be used is adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which are defined as potentially traumatic events including physical, sexual, or emotional abuse; neglect; racism and discrimination; and violence within the household or community that occur in childhood. Notwithstanding, there is limited research on the role that ACEs play in shaping such changes, which may lead to a higher risk of developing chronic pain. Current methodology primarily involves the use of fMRI’s of subjects with chronic pain or psychological trauma. Dexamethasone and CRH testing is typically used to test for HPA-axis irregularities. Chronic pain is defined as pain that lasts for at least three months that is not further explained by a medical diagnosis, and impacts one's everyday functioning.